Mustard mask for hair growth

A mustard powder mask is an effective folk remedy for accelerating hair growth and preventing hair loss. Its use has an antimicrobial effect on the pores of the head and the hairs themselves, allowing nutrients to penetrate deeper. Additionally, like cayenne or black pepper, mustard stimulates hair follicles and blood circulation in the skin, which is essential for growing a full mane.

Your ideal mustard mask for hair growth will include different ingredients, depending on the problems you want to solve. For example, olive oil, eggs, yogurt or honey, in addition to promoting growth, also help make hair thicker, stronger and give it a healthy shine.

In this article, we have collected 10 of the most effective recipes for preparing a mustard mask at home, and useful facts that you should know about before using it.

Secrets of preparing a mustard mask for hair growth

How to properly prepare a mask from mustard powder so that the effect is maximum?

Firstly, you should only use fresh and natural mustard powder. You can buy it in the store, but a mustard mask made from seeds ground at home will bring much more benefit to your hair. Immediately after grinding, mustard powder contains the maximum amount of essential mustard oil, which is necessary for hair growth. Over time, it gradually evaporates.

Secondly, it is important to pay attention to the water temperature. Hot water deactivates mustard enzymes and reduces its “hotness” property. Therefore, try to dilute the powder with warm water – at a temperature no higher than 40 °C.

Attention! The following rules are also very important:

1. Mustard hair mask should not be used for psoriasis, eczema, ulcers and wounds on the scalp, as well as for high sensitivity and a tendency to dandruff.

2. The procedure for preparing and applying a mustard mask should be performed with extreme caution to avoid deterioration of the hair condition and burns. Test the prepared mixture on your elbow before applying. If you feel severe irritation or burning, then you should use less mustard powder or avoid it altogether. Adding water can solve this problem, but the mask should not become too runny.

3. If you have the exact opposite problem, and you hardly feel the burning sensation of mustard, then you should add a little sugar or honey to the mixture, which will increase the pungency.

4. For dry and damaged hair, it is recommended to add components with moisturizing properties to the mustard mask - natural oils, egg yolk, sour cream, etc. In addition, in this case, you should not leave the mask on your hair for too long.

5. Add olive or any other oil to the mixture sparingly. The more oily the mask is, the more difficult it will be to wash it off later.

6. Do not apply the mask to the ends of your hair - only to the roots. Remember that mustard has a certain drying effect. Now let's move on to the different ways to prepare a mustard mask.

Precautionary measures

A burning sensation, especially a fairly intense one, indicates that the mask should be washed off the head immediately. There is no need to show unnecessary heroism and endure pain. This will not lead to a positive result, but will only worsen the condition of the scalp.

If a woman wears contact lenses, then she needs to be especially careful to ensure that the components of the mask do not get on the mucous membrane of the eyes when washed off. This will not only lead to severe irritation, but will also ruin the product.

Recipes for mustard masks for hair growth at home

Regular use of a mustard powder mask will allow you to have the hair of your dreams! Mustard stimulates hair follicles, strengthens weak and thin hair, reduces dandruff and stops hair loss. How soon will the results be noticeable? It depends on the individual characteristics of the organism. But if you use it regularly for 2 months, you can grow it up to 6 cm in length. After the 4th time you will notice an improvement in the condition of your hair and accelerated growth. Below you will find the most popular mustard mask recipes for different hair types. You can adjust their proportions depending on your needs. However, do not neglect individual components as they were included for a reason.

Cosmetic effect of seasoning

Mustard powder has extraordinary abilities. It has quite a powerful healing effect. Using this product, you will achieve the following for your hair:

blood circulation will increase, there will be a strong flow to the roots;
the bulbs will receive increased nutrition;
growth will increase;
old cells will slough off;
the strands will become stronger;
dandruff will disappear;
thickness will appear.

Mustard hair mask is best for oily hair. One of the main properties of the powder is its ability to absorb grease and remove dirt. It is enough to apply this product once every five days. But with dry strands you will have to be more careful - frequent use of mustard leads to brittleness and dandruff. In this case, there is no need to apply the mask more often than once every 14 days. And you definitely need to add lactic acid products and butter to the composition.

Hair growth mask made from mustard powder, oil and egg

Components:

1 tablespoon mustard powder;
2-3 tablespoons of lukewarm water;
3 tablespoons olive oil;
1 egg.

First mix mustard powder with water, then add oil and egg, whisking until it forms a smooth paste. Olive oil contains antioxidants and, when combined with mustard, gives a simply amazing effect!

Effect of use

With proper preparation of mustard remedies and their correct consumption, the effect will be visible after 2-3 sessions. Namely:

the hair will become thicker;
the loss of strands will stop;
the strands will become shining and alive;
eliminate the problem of dandruff;
your hair will stay clean longer.

In conclusion, we can say that such a simple, at first glance, remedy as mustard powder not only enhances growth, stops the loss of strands, but also improves the overall condition of curls.

In addition to many advantages, the product has some contraindications and features of use; for a beneficial effect, this must be taken into account before using mustard for hair growth. Real reviews, application stories and photographs before and after using mustard prove its effectiveness.

To keep your curls long and beautiful, it is important to use good, high-quality hair growth products. You may find the following articles useful:

what are hair growth stimulants, types and features of use;
How effective are hair growth creams?
how to choose a balm to improve hair growth;
review of popular ointments for hair growth;
professional and home tonics to stimulate growth.

Homemade hair mask made from mustard and lemon juice

Components:

Mustard powder - 1 tablespoon;
Lemon juice - 2 teaspoons;
Honey - 1 teaspoon;
Kefir - 2 tablespoons.

The milk proteins in kefir nourish the hair cuticle and reduce itching of the scalp. Lemon juice contains acid, which helps eliminate dandruff. This mustard mask recipe will help soften dry and brittle strands while providing your hair with a healthy shine.

Contraindications

Important! You can use homemade mustard-based masks only if you have healthy, undamaged scalp. They are contraindicated for seborrhea, psoriasis, lichen, diabetes mellitus, bronchial asthma, and also if there are scratches, wounds, pustules or boils on the head. Increased blood flow will provoke the development of the inflammatory process. For damaged, brittle hair and thin, hypersensitive scalp, such products should also be avoided. Other mask recipes that can be made at home with virtually no restrictions will suit you better. You will find links to some of them at the end of this article.

Mustard hair mask recipe with sea salt for extra care

Components:

Mustard powder - 1 tablespoon;
Sea salt - 1 teaspoon;
Honey - 1 teaspoon;
Lemon juice - 2 teaspoons;
Olive oil - 1 teaspoon.

Lemon juice neutralizes excess oil, preventing it from disrupting the sebaceous glands and keeping the scalp fresh. Sea salt nourishes hair with iodine, calcium, iron and other beneficial microelements.

What scalp diseases lead to hair loss?

Seborrhea

(peeling) appears due to dysfunction of the sebaceous glands. With oily seborrhea, the sebaceous glands are overactive; with dry seborrhea, on the contrary, skin sensitivity is observed. In both cases, seborrhea is accompanied by dandruff and itching.

Furunculosis

- inflammation of the hair follicles and sebaceous glands - is caused by staphylococcus bacteria, which can penetrate the scalp through microcracks.

Mycosis

- fungal disease. It is accompanied by itching, the formation of pustules, and darkening of the scalp. With mycosis, areas of baldness appear on the head.

Alopecia

(baldness) occurs due to various reasons, which can be divided into two types: external (frequent stress, infectious diseases, trauma and damage to the surface of the head); internal (hormonal imbalances, metabolic disorders, predisposition at the gene level (heredity).

Hair growth mask made from mustard powder and garlic

Components:

Mustard powder - 2 tablespoons;
Garlic juice - 1 tablespoon;
Honey - 1 tablespoon.

Dilute the mustard powder with warm water, without making the mixture too liquid. Grate the garlic and squeeze out the juice. Mix all ingredients and apply the mask to the scalp with massaging movements. Similarly, instead of garlic juice, you can use 2 tablespoons of squeezed onion juice. If after use you feel an unpleasant odor on your hair, then next time add a few drops of your favorite essential oil to the mask.

Onions and garlic contain a lot of sulfur, they destroy germs, stimulate hair follicles, prevent premature graying of hair and promote rapid hair growth.

Features of composition selection

When preparing homemade masks against hair loss with mustard, you should choose ingredients according to the “do no harm” principle.

For example, if the hair loss is too pronounced, you should not add a lot of sugar (this will make the burning sensation too intense and provoke even more hair loss).

If your hair is dull and you want to add shine to it, you can safely add various oils that will also be beneficial for the scalp.

Mustard-yeast mask for accelerated hair growth

Components:

Mustard powder - 2 tablespoons;
Sugar - 1 teaspoon;
Yeast - 1 teaspoon;
Milk - 1 cup;
Honey - 1 teaspoon.

Dissolve the yeast in the warm milk and set the bowl aside for 15 minutes. Add sugar. When the milk has turned sour, combine all the ingredients and mix well.

Yeast contains B-complex vitamins, which are very important for hair structure and healthy growth. Minerals such as calcium, copper, chromium and iron help maintain color and prevent hair loss. This mustard mask recipe is ideal for weak hair.

Review of professional products

On the cosmetics market you can find professional products with a mustard base. Manufacturers promise a significant acceleration in hair growth, however, when choosing such products, you should carefully study the components and main purpose of the drug. Next, let's look at the most common drugs.

Let's look at the most effective mustard preparations:

Products with Abyssinian mustard Mustard from Gorchicatron Professional.
Fito cosmetics mustard mask is designed for all types of strands. The cost of the Phytocosmetics product is about 80 rubles per 155 ml jar. Thanks to the presence of mustard oil, hot pepper extracts and onion juice, the manufacturer promises an increase in growth rate, awakening dormant follicles and adding energy and brightness to curls.

DNC introduces a product called Mustard for Fast Hair Growth. Active ingredients: mustard powder, protein, herbal extracts. Elements of the drug increase blood flow to the follicles, thus increasing the growth rate of strands. The cost of the product is about 200 rubles per 100 grams. We also recommend that you familiarize yourself with the DNC hair growth activator.

A lemon-mustard mask according to grandmother Agafya’s recipe costs about 50 rubles per 300 ml. Active ingredients: white mustard oil, lemongrass juice, wheat germ oil, which not only increases the growth rate of strands, but also perfectly refreshes and heals the skin and hair.

Spoiler

https://zdorovyda.ru/gorchica-dlya-volos/
https://ExpertPoVolosam.com/uhod/rost/sredstva/narodnie/gorchica
https://Pro-Volosy.ru/gorchichnaya-maska-dlya-rosta-volos/
https://LovelyHair.org/sredstva-dlja-volos/maski/gorchichnye-m/gm-ot-vypadeniya-volos.html
https://figaro.space/uhod-za-volosami/maski-dlya-volos/s-gorchitsej-ot-vypadeniya.html
https://ExpertPoVolosam.com/zdorove/alopeciya/sredstva/narodnie/maska-s-gorchicey
https://vseovolosah.com/maski-dlya-volos/maski-dlya-volos-s-gorchitsej-4-prosto-i-effektivnyh-retsepta
https://for-your-beauty.ru/hair-care/290-maski-s-gorchicej

Mustard mask for strengthening hair with aloe juice

Components:

Mustard powder - 2 tablespoons;
Herbal infusion (nettle, chamomile or calendula) - 3 tablespoons;
Aloe vera juice - 1 tablespoon;
Yogurt - 1 teaspoon;
1 egg yolk.

Dissolve the mustard powder in the herbal infusion, then add the remaining ingredients. Aloe vera juice will help strengthen your hair, making it healthy, thick and strong.

Shampoo recipes

It is possible to wash your hair with mustard; for this, the powder is added to shampoos and hair rinses. Next, let's look at the basic recipes for mustard shampoos.

To strengthen and increase the growth of strands, you will need a quarter of soap, 200 ml of boiling water, 2 large spoons of nettle or chamomile leaves and mustard powder. Method of production: finely grate the soap, dissolve with water, infuse the herbs and filter both solutions. Add mustard and stir. It is recommended to store this product in a cool place or refrigerator for no more than 7 days. This drug will not only enhance hair growth, but also restore strands.
You can make dry shampoo. To do this, you will need to grind the following plants: hops, nettles, burdock and licorice roots, birch buds. Then add 1 tablespoon of mustard powder, 10 tablespoons of rye flour, and a teaspoon of dried ginger to the crushed raw materials. Before use, you only need to dilute the required volume of the product with water. For best results, it is recommended to hold it on your head for a couple of minutes, then rinse.
To thicken your hair and add volume, you need to add 5 grams to 60 ml of warm water. gelatin, leave until swelling. Next put the yolk, 5 g. mustard powder, bring to a homogeneous mass. The shampoo should be rubbed into the area at the roots, massaging a little, leave for half an hour and rinse. With systematic use, the hairstyle will become more voluminous.

Recipe for hair growth mask with mustard and almond oil

Components:

Kefir - 100 ml;
Mustard powder - 1 tablespoon;
1 egg yolk;
Almond oil - 1 teaspoon;
Rosemary essential oil - 4-5 drops.

Almond oil is rich in magnesium, zinc and calcium, which play a crucial role in hair growth and health. A mask with almond oil and mustard will strengthen your hair follicles and significantly improve the hair structure.

Recipes

Classic mustard mask for hair growth and strengthening

Mix 2 tablespoons of dry mustard and the same amount of warm, almost hot water, add 1 raw egg yolk and 1-2 teaspoons of granulated sugar. For brittle and dry hair, add 2 tbsp. tablespoons of oil (burdock, castor or olive).

Apply the mixture onto the scalp with light movements: carefully, but without pressure, rub the substance first into the roots of the hair, and then distribute along the entire length. Cover your head, and after 15-30 minutes, rinse your hair well with warm water. If necessary, use shampoo and then apply conditioner or rinse your strands with cool water and lemon.

With yolk

Ingredients:

fat sour cream - 4 tbsp. spoons;
chicken yolk - 1 pc.;
mustard powder - 1-2 tbsp. spoons.

Add a spoonful of mustard powder to the sour cream and beat in the yolk.
For best effect, beat the components using a mixer. The result should be an airy, homogeneous mass. After application, the mask is kept on for as long as possible until a strong burning sensation begins. It should not be tolerated for long. 5 minutes is enough. Next, rinse off the product and wash your hair.

This mask improves hair growth, prevents hair loss , and effectively nourishes the follicles.

With mayonnaise

Ingredients:

fatty mayonnaise - 3 tbsp. spoons;
mustard powder - 1 tbsp. spoon.

Note! Due to the preservatives contained in store-bought mayonnaise, we recommend using homemade mayonnaise.

Mix 3 tablespoons of full-fat mayonnaise with a spoon of powder. You should get a thick consistency, which is thoroughly rubbed into the roots. If the hair is dry, apply burdock oil to the entire remaining length. Leave for 10-20 minutes and wash off.

Due to mayonnaise , hair is nourished and its condition improves .

With yeast and sugar

Ingredients:

yeast - 1 teaspoon;
sugar - 1 teaspoon;
mustard powder - 1-2 tbsp. spoons;
some water.

Mustard is mixed with a packet of yeast pre-softened in a small amount of water. When the ingredients are mixed, add a teaspoon of sugar to them.

Mix everything again and apply to the skin at the roots. The presence of sugar can cause a strong burning sensation. Therefore, the composition is kept as long as the burning sensation can be tolerated (10-15 minutes). It is recommended to rinse off with cool water.

Yeast contains a large amount of B vitamins. They help strengthen the roots and give the hair strength and silkiness.

With milk and honey

Ingredients:

honey - 1 teaspoon;
full fat milk - 100 ml;
mustard powder - 1-2 tbsp. spoons.

This is a variation of the popular honey mustard mask. Mix a spoonful of powder with warm milk and add a teaspoon of honey. After application, the mixture is kept for up to 15 minutes.

After just a few procedures, a positive result will be noticeable. Thanks to honey, hair follicles will receive high-quality nutrition with microelements , and milk will make the composition softer, reducing severe burning.

With yogurt

Ingredients:

full-fat yogurt (without additives) - 100 ml;
mustard powder - 1 tbsp. spoon;
tea tree essential oil - 2-4 drops.

Add a teaspoon of the product and 2-3 drops of tea tree to the yogurt. After mixing, apply to the hair and wrap the head with a towel. It is advisable to keep it for 20 minutes. If there is a strong burning sensation, wash it off.

The oil has healing properties and will prevent hair loss . Yogurt will allow women with dry hair to use the mask, carefully enveloping the shaft of each hair, preventing fragility.

From sour cream and vinegar

1 tbsp.
a spoonful of mustard seed powder is mixed with two chicken egg yolks, 1 tbsp. a spoonful of apple cider vinegar and 2 tbsp. spoons of fat sour cream. Apply the mixture to your head for 20-30 minutes, then rinse.

Note: the mask is suitable for regular use. Most effective for oily hair .

Olive mixture

To prepare the composition, you must mix in equal proportions:

mustard powder;
olive oil;
water.

Attention! The water should be warm. Boiling water kills the beneficial properties of mustard.

The components are mixed until a homogeneous mass is formed. The mixture is applied to the hair and is not washed off for 20 minutes.

Onion and garlic

An ideal option for those who dream of long hair. The action of the composition is aimed at accelerating hair growth and strengthening the roots.
Mix 1 tsp: honey, mustard powder, garlic juice, aloe juice. Add 2 tsp. onion juice. The mask must be kept on the hair roots for 30–40 minutes, then rinsed off with cool water.

To increase efficiency, you can create a thermal effect - cover your head with a warm scarf.

Castor oil

An excellent choice for girls with dull and dry hair. Mix thoroughly in equal proportions (2 tbsp):

mustard;
Castor oil;
water.

Add the yolk to the composition. The mask is applied to the roots with gentle massage movements. After 25 minutes, wash off with water at room temperature.

Gelatinous

Best suited for oily hair. Normalizes the functioning of the sebaceous glands, giving plumpness and pleasant softness.
The composition is simple:

1 tsp. gelatin;
1 tsp. powder;
1 yolk;
100 ml warm water.

Fill the gelatin with water for 30 minutes, then add the remaining ingredients. The mask is ready: leave it on your hair for 20–30 minutes. You can wash your hair without shampoo.

Henna with mustard

Henna is mixed with mustard in a ratio of 1:2. The composition is rubbed into the roots for half an hour, then washed with running water.

Hair mask with mustard and kefir

To promote rapid hair growth, burning masks based on mustard powder are great.
But if a person has dry hair, then sometimes it is not possible to use it (as discussed above). The mask can dry out already too brittle curls or, moreover, burn your head! But a mask made of mustard and kefir is a beneficial exception! It is prepared according to this recipe:

2 tbsp. spoons of mustard powder;
Kefir of any fat content in the amount of 3 tbsp. spoon;
3 tbsp. spoons of warm water.

Important! The water temperature for mustard powder should be less than 60 degrees; if the water is too hot, the mustard enzymes will be destroyed and the beneficial effect will disappear.

It’s all prepared like this: pour mustard powder into a container with thick walls and fill it with water. The mixture is stirred and infused for about 10 minutes, covered with a lid or saucer. Next, the mass is mixed with kefir at room temperature. Wait five minutes and the mask can be applied.

With aloe

Ingredients:

heavy cream - 50-100 ml;
mustard powder - 1-2 tbsp. spoons;
aloe ampoule.

Mix approximately 70 ml of cream with an ampoule of aloe solution and a teaspoon of mustard. Keep the composition for 15-20 minutes.

Aloe has healing properties and will prevent even severe hair loss .

The cream will protect your hair from dryness.

Cognac

1 tbsp.
a spoonful of mustard powder is mixed with 100 ml of water and 150 ml of cognac (you can use vodka or whiskey instead of cognac). Apply the mixture to the hair roots for 5-10 minutes and then rinse with water.

Note: This product helps people with oily hair .

With honey

Stir 1 teaspoon of mustard with 1 tablespoon of warmed cream. Then add 1 teaspoon of honey and 1 teaspoon of melted butter to the resulting mixture. Now the resulting mixture should be carefully spread on the scalp and left for 30 minutes, then rinsed off.

Note : In addition, vitamin E can be added to the mixture (can be purchased at the pharmacy). The mask nourishes the hair roots, saturating them with vitamins, as a result of which hair grows better and falls out less.

Hot mask with mustard

2 tbsp. spoons of mustard powder;
2 tbsp. spoons of hot water (not boiling water!);
1 egg yolk;
2 tbsp. spoons of olive, peach or almond oil;
2 teaspoons of sugar (sugar helps to release more of the pungent substance from the mustard);

Pour hot water over the mustard and stir, add the yolk, butter and sugar. Mix everything well until smooth. Apply to the roots of the hair, distribute evenly along the length, and wrap the head. Keep the mask on for 20-30 minutes. If the mustard does not “bake” much, you can wear this mask for up to 1 hour. The mask nourishes, cleanses and stops hair loss and accelerates growth.

Mask of mustard powder and tomato puree

Components:

Mustard powder - 1 tablespoon;
Tomato puree;
Castor oil - 2 tablespoons.

Mash one ripe tomato using a fork or blender. Add other ingredients to the puree and mix well. After using this mask, we recommend that you rinse your hair with a solution of 2 tablespoons of fresh lemon juice per 1 liter of clean water. This mask is ideal for treating oily hair. Tomato helps normalize the activity of the sebaceous glands, and also enriches the hair with vitamins and iron.

Mustard mask with beer and cocoa for shiny hair

Components:

Mustard powder - 1 tablespoon;
Cocoa powder - 1 teaspoon;
Honey - 1 tablespoon;
Beer - 3 tablespoons.

Pour beer into a bowl. Add cocoa powder and mix well, adding the remaining ingredients one at a time. Sulfur in cocoa promotes shine and softness of hair. Cocoa powder is also used to add a hint of chocolate. Therefore, this mustard mask is not suitable for girls with blond hair. Beer contains hops, malt and yeast, which perfectly moisturize and nourish all hair types.

Precautions when using mustard for hair

Before using the mask, you should read the list of contraindications. Natural product is not suitable for everyone. The use of a mustard mask is prohibited:

people with impaired functioning of blood vessels and heart;
in case of tachycardia or arrhythmia;
if you have an allergic reaction to the product.

An allergy test is mandatory for everyone. You can make sure there is no negative reaction by applying the mustard mixture to your wrist. If no allergic reaction occurs within an hour, the product can be used on your hair.

Mustard mask should not be used in the following cases:

If there are seborrheic crusts on the head.
When the hair is a cool blonde shade, it can turn green.
Subject to the presence of scratches, wounds, boils and ulcers on the skin.

It is important to follow the recommendations on how long to keep a mustard hair mask on your head. If mixtures are applied incorrectly or frequently, side effects may occur:

increased blood pressure;
rash and itching;
increase in dandruff volume;
skin burn;
peeling of the skin.

Cosmetologists recommend applying the product no more than once every 7 days.

How to properly use homemade mustard masks

1. The shelf life of any homemade mustard mask is no more than 10 days from the date of preparation. Since all components are of natural origin, they cannot be stored for long and even in the refrigerator they lose their beneficial properties. 2. Apply a mustard powder mask to dry roots and scalp, avoiding the hair itself. Massage with your fingertips, but do not rub, otherwise the burning sensation will be unbearable. 3. Keep the mask on your hair for 30-45 minutes. 4. For normal hair, it is recommended to repeat the procedure once a week, for dry hair - once every 2 weeks, for oily hair - once every 5 days. Do this for 10 procedures, then stop for several weeks to avoid addiction. 5. Do not stand in the shower while washing your hair. Just rinse your hair under running water to prevent mustard from getting into your eyes and other sensitive areas. 6. To enhance the effect of the mask, put a shower cap or plastic bag on your head, then wrap your head with a towel. Due to the heating of the mustard, blood circulation will increase, thereby accelerating hair growth.

Please share your thoughts, experiences and tips on how to use mustard masks to boost hair growth. Stay beautiful always!

Source

Useful properties of mustard

Scientifically, this plant is called synapis and it belongs to the cabbage family. The powder itself is obtained from the seeds. However, whole seeds are often used for seasoning, but they are definitely not suitable for masks.

This powder is used not only in cooking, but also in medicine to treat colds (mustard plasters and baths), as well as in home cosmetology. The scope of application here is very wide: face masks for freckles, cellulite wraps, and, of course, masks for hair growth. What is the secret of this phenomenal remedy?

Mustard is rich in nicotinic acid, chlorophyll, vitamins (the inseparable pair E and A), the whole company of vitamins B, D, PP. In addition, it is an excellent antibiotic, which means it heals the scalp. Of course, all this has a positive effect on hair. But the secret is that it burns, that is, it stimulates a rush of blood to the skin and hair roots, supplying them with nutrients. That's why they grow so intensively.

In addition, any mustard mask for hair growth heals the scalp and removes excess fat. It is also good because it allows the scalp to “breathe”, cleansing closed pores. The first results will be noticeable within four weeks.