Insect bites: who bit, what they look like on the body. What to do in case of swelling, redness, allergies

The insect class is considered one of the most numerous on the planet. There is simply nowhere for a person to escape from such a neighborhood. There are also insects that sting and bite a person painfully, after which negative reactions to the bites develop. Some of them can infect humans with dangerous diseases, and the bites of some of them can be fatal.

Often people do not know what kind of insect bit them and how dangerous it is, as well as how to treat the wound to relieve pain and reduce the risk of infection, as well as protect themselves from allergic reactions.

The article is designed to acquaint readers with pests and parasites that often bite both adults and children, as well as with methods that help save a person from various consequences.

Ticks

Recreation outdoors can lead to unpleasant encounters with ticks. It doesn’t matter where exactly we are located: in the yard, in a city park or in the forest. Every year these insects conquer more and more green areas, and cases of infection with borreliosis or encephalitis are becoming more frequent.

Tick season lasts as long as the weather is warm. Fortunately, in our country, most diseases transmitted by ticks do not spread due to the small number of dangerous tick-borne species compared to other countries. For example, in the United States, Canada and Brazil, more than 600 people become infected with Rocky Mountain spotted fever every year. This is a disease caused by a tick that carries the rickettsia bacteria. However, Lyme disease, caused by ixodid ticks, can also be contracted in Ukraine.

Symptoms in children

Patients belonging to the younger age group often experience urticaria associated with food or drugs, as well as other triggers. Allergies in a child are characterized by the following symptoms:

swelling and itching of the skin;
the appearance of a rash in the form of blisters;
increase in body temperature.

Fever can be observed even in infants and often causes misdiagnosis of infection, as it can reach high numbers. Children can suffer a systemic or generalized form of urticaria, which is combined with angioedema and is considered a life-threatening condition. But even with a mild reaction, the need to itch can lead to skin defects (wounds, ulcers) and infection.

Tick bites

Ticks are carriers of many infectious diseases, including typhoid. As soon as a tick lands on our skin, it is able to move around the body, looking for more convenient places to live. Closed, wrinkle-free clothing in light shades and insect repellents help prevent tick bites in high-risk areas (in the forest, among wild nature).

Tick bites may not be detected immediately. Sometimes there is no inflammation, allergic or toxic reaction on the skin. Infectious disease experts explain this by saying that by piercing the skin, the tick injects an anesthetic that acts as a pain reliever. For this reason, the person bitten does not feel pain.

Tests and diagnostics

The main tasks in making a diagnosis are to establish the fact of an insect bite and determine its type, collecting anamnesis data (presence of allergic reactions in the past upon contact with insects). A clinical examination is carried out to identify/determine the nature of skin lesions and the degree of their severity, the presence of signs of organ/generalized disorders. If necessary, instrumental/laboratory examinations are carried out, including ECG, ultrasound of the abdominal organs, spirography; General/biochemical analysis of blood and urine.

If an allergic reaction develops - allergy tests on the skin with insect allergens, laboratory tests to identify specific immunoglobulins for allergens. Differential diagnosis of an allergic reaction to insect bites is carried out with contact dermatitis , toxic reactions, other allergic reactions ( bronchospastic conditions , urticaria , rhinitis / conjunctivitis , Quincke's edema ).

Lyme disease

Ixodid ticks, which transmit Lyme disease, are considered the most dangerous. Its symptoms include the appearance of red circles on the skin, headache, skin rash, fatigue, and fever. In the absence of treatment, the functioning of the nervous and cardiovascular systems is disrupted, and joints suffer. In most cases, the disease can be successfully treated with antibiotics. The sooner you see a doctor, the less risk there is to your health.

Medical network experts advise developing a useful habit: after relaxing in nature, go to the bathroom and carefully examine all attractive places for ticks (scalp, face, area behind the ears, armpits, area under the knees, chest, upper and lower extremities).

After each walk, take a shower and wash your clothes thoroughly. If an insect is found, contact a dermatologist or infectious disease specialist. Removing the insect yourself may increase the risk of infection. For example, due to:

insufficient disinfection;
incomplete removal of the tick;
low immunity;
the presence of other infectious diseases or inflammatory processes in the body.

Spider Black Widow

These spiders are also called karakurts - they are the heroes of many films. The females of these predatory arthropods are considered the most dangerous. Poisonous spiders can bite and pose a threat to human health and life. They are not aggressive by nature and bite only in self-defense (for example, after being accidentally pinned down). The widow spider is able to move quickly and attack at the most unexpected moment. Karakurts live mostly in the south of Ukraine (Azov region, Black Sea region, Kherson region).

“I was bitten by a snake”: two dots around swollen skin

It was with these words that our friend Peter jumped up in the middle of the night. The whole family was alarmed. Mom began to examine the wound. The problem was also created by the fact that the people were in the village, 35 km from the nearest hospital. Then the question arose whether to go to the doctors at 3 am and whether our hero would die before the morning. You will say: “Of course, go, this is a man!”, but 15 years ago more severe morals reigned in the villages. Fortunately, the presence of a snake was quickly ruled out, because another creature was found in the room.

Two-tailed attack: 2 centimeters in length, huge whiskers and spread paws, and in the back there are pincers. This is exactly what the cute creature, also called an earwig, looks like.

Threat No. 1 - our new “friend” does not have a stinger, and the scary-looking device is the cerci, the forceps with which it holds prey. You might get bitten by them too. Red dots on the body will look like bites from a cold-blooded animal, but will not cause harm;
Threat No. 2 - in rare cases, a double-tailed fish gets into a person’s ear and swarms around in it. She won't eat your brain, but she's pretty scary. And don’t forget about ticks. If the population of a species in a house grows, then the likelihood of such an incident also increases.

The earwig looks scary, but does not pose an impressive threat, but by carrying out a comprehensive treatment of the more dangerous inhabitants of apartments, houses and offices, you will get rid of it too. Still, do not forget to inspect the premises for snakes. They usually don't crawl far.

Black Widow Bites

Spider venom can cause pain, increased blood pressure, nausea, vomiting and muscle spasms, as well as a feeling of fear. Redness forms at the site of the bite. Doctors recommend immediately calling an ambulance and reporting a suspected karakurt bite in order to prevent the possible development of hypertension, bronchorrhea or seizures. Toxic substances quickly spread throughout the body and can cause irreparable harm to health.

Lice

The favorite place of lice is hair. You can catch them using a comb, a hat, or a scarf of an infected person. If itching appears on your head, do not ignore it. Have a family member check the back of your head, neck, and behind the ears. If you find parasites, try not to scratch your scalp. Wounds contribute to the rapid penetration of infection into the blood.

How to get rid of lice

To get rid of nits (lice eggs that adults lay on clothing or hair), use lice products in accordance with the instructions and as prescribed by a dermatologist (lotions, shampoos, creams). During treatment for lice, you need to keep your clothes, underwear, bedding, and hygiene items clean. For those who are not infected, it is important to be careful when communicating with infected people and take preventive measures:

observe the rules of personal hygiene;
use only your own things and do not give them to an infected person for temporary use;
Vacuum blankets, pillows, carpets and change bed linens daily.

Insect bites

Insect bites can cause allergic reactions, local infections and systemic diseases.
In Russia, insect vectors spread Lyme disease, tick-borne encephalitis, tularemia, Pogosta disease and encephalitis caused by the Inkoo virus.
An allergy to wasp or bee stings can lead to an anaphylactic reaction.
If you are allergic to mosquito bites, preventative use of antihistamines may help.

Symptoms

When an insect bites, an erythematous spot first appears on the skin, which can enlarge like a blister.
There is usually a small petechiae in the center of the bite site.
A skin reaction is a combination of exposure to insect venom and the body's immunological response, which accounts for the wide range of individual differences in reactions.
Delayed allergic reactions can develop after insect bites. In their place, itchy papules or nodules remain for several weeks.
With anaphylaxis, extensive erythema and swelling usually develop at the site of the bite, followed by general symptoms such as malaise and low blood pressure within a few minutes.
In addition, acute urticaria and generalized or limited itching of the palms and soles are possible.
Anaphylactic reactions are especially common in individuals with an allergy to hymenoptera stings. See the Hymenoptera section below for information on testing and treatment.

Complications caused by insect bites

Severe local reaction (painful erythema, swelling, angioedema) near mucous membranes (eg, pharynx or lips) can lead to airway obstruction.
A purulent skin infection (pyoderma) may develop at the site of the bite. It is especially typical for tourists. See the article about skin problems among tourists.
There are rare cases of an abscess, erysipelas or cellulitis at the site of the bite.
In individuals sensitized to Hymenoptera venom, a bite can lead to an anaphylactic reaction.
Clinically significant infections spread by arthropods in Russia: Lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis (both diseases are spread by ticks)
tularemia, spread by mosquitoes, sometimes ticks, midges or horse flies
Pogosta disease and encephalitis caused by the Inco virus (both diseases are spread by certain types of mosquitoes).

Research

Diagnosis is made based on history and clinical examination
It is important to evaluate the site of the bite (ringed erythema, necrotic papule or ulcer, photograph) and other skin symptoms (eg, urticaria, pruritus), as well as mucosal and general symptoms (fever, joint and neurological symptoms).
The diagnosis of erythema migrans of Afzelius-Lipschutz and tularemia (ulcer covered by an eschar) is clinical, which implies initiation of therapy based on the clinical picture.
For anaphylaxis caused by hymenoptera venom, it is necessary to perform skin prick tests and tests for specific serum IgE antibodies to wasp and bee venom.
For purulent infection of the bite site, bacteriological culture may be required.
In doubtful cases, histological examination of a skin biopsy may show a typical reaction to an insect bite, which, however, is not an absolute diagnostic criterion.

Diptera (mosquitoes and flies)

Mosquitoes

A mosquito bite causes the rapid appearance of a urticaria-like papule, which almost always disappears spontaneously, but in sensitized individuals can persist for a long time and be accompanied by itching.
Large papules and even vesicles may appear.
Antihistamines, such as Cetirizinum (cetirizine) 10 mg 1 time / day, reduce the symptoms of mosquito bite allergy, especially when taken prophylactically.

Midges

Midges cannot bite through clothing, but they can bite when crawling under it. Many people develop papules that can last up to several weeks.
Individuals allergic to their venom may develop extensive swelling of local tissues.
Midge bites usually cause severe itching, and scratching can lead to ulceration or secondary infection.

Horseflies

A horsefly bite usually causes a large papule with a pale spot in the center.
Treatment For local treatment, you can use ointments with class II–III glucocorticosteroids or their combination with an antiseptic 1–2 times a day. within 1–2 weeks.
If there is a secondary infection at the site of the bite, it is recommended to use antibacterial ointments or creams 2-3 times a day for 1 to 2 weeks.
Wet, cold compresses or cooling gel may help relieve symptoms.
In case of severe reactions, a 3-day course of oral glucocorticosteroids, for example, Prednisolonum (prednisolone) 40 mg/day, may be indicated.

Hymenoptera

Due to the ingestion of venom at the site of a wasp, (honey) bee or bumblebee sting, severe pain and swelling immediately occur.
Worldwide, sensitization to Hymenoptera venom causes many potentially fatal anaphylactic reactions each year.
Individuals who are allergic to wasp venom are usually not allergic to bee venom and vice versa.
Treatment The bite site must be immobilized to prevent further spread of the venom.
A bee sting remaining in the skin must be quickly removed to prevent the entire contents of the venom reservoir from being emptied into the skin. It is best to scrape it off the skin with a thin, flat object (bank card, coin). A wasp or bumblebee does not leave a stinger in the skin.
Suitable first aid measures: cold compresses, lotions or cooling gel.
Individuals with multiple bites should be monitored for systemic reactions.
Anaphylactic reactions Acute anaphylactic reactions are treated as anaphylaxis and future exposure to hymenoptera should be avoided.
After the development of a systemic reaction (anaphylaxis) to a Hymenoptera bite, allergy tests are recommended.
First aid: the patient should carry with him an anti-shock kit, including a solution of Adrenalini hydrochloridum (adrenaline hydrochloride) 0.1% 1.0 ml in ampoules; in addition, 40 mg of Prednisolonum (prednisolone) and an antihistamine, for example, in the form of lozenges, are used once.
Examinations for anaphylaxis The diagnosis of allergy to hymenoptera venom is made with positive skin prick test results and/or detection of IgE antibodies to bee or wasp venom after an anaphylactic reaction. The IgE reaction can be determined only 1–2 months after the bite.
If both tests are positive, a test for allergen-specific IgE antibodies can be performed to identify the true cause of the allergy.
In such cases, it is also recommended to send a serum sample for immunochemical analysis (spot immunoassay), if this service is available. Unfortunately, this technique is not used in the Russian Federation.
If a patient has had a typical systemic reaction to hymenoptera venom, but specific IgE tests are negative, these tests should be repeated and, in consultation with an allergist, the need for special tests should be considered.
Measurement of serum tryptase concentration is recommended to rule out mastocytosis in patients who have had an anaphylactic reaction to hymenoptera venom. The analysis should be carried out in a non-acute phase (for example, 1-2 months after the reaction).
Desensitization (allergy to Hymenoptera venom) Severe systemic reaction (local reaction and symptoms from the cardiovascular or respiratory systems) to the sting of Hymenoptera (wasps or bees) is an absolute indication for desensitization.
In case of a mild systemic reaction (local reaction and urticaria or swelling of the mucous membranes), the need for desensitization may be considered if there is a high likelihood of a recurrent bite or fear of it affects the patient's quality of life.
In case of extensive local reactions, desensitization is not indicated.
In patients with an allergy to Hymenoptera venom, desensitization should be continued for 5 years, after which in almost all (at least 80%) its effectiveness remains for at least 7 years.
Knowing that desensitization will likely prevent anaphylactic reactions improves quality of life.

Lice (Anoplura)

Blood-sucking species that parasitize humans: head, body and pubic louse.
Head lice epidemics can occur in schools and kindergartens.
Body lice are now rare; they appear predominantly in alcoholics and people leading an antisocial lifestyle.
For disinfection, regular washing of clothes in a washing machine is sufficient.
Pubic lice are usually transmitted sexually; symptoms: itching and pustules in the genital area, nits in pubic hair.

Bedbugs and fleas

Bedbugs live in old, dirty buildings. They can be transported with old furniture. Bedbugs suck blood at night.
Small insects that parasitize birds, dogs, cats (for example, ticks of the genus Cheyletiella) and rodents also bite humans. Most often, symptoms appear in the spring (in people who work in a poultry house or go to country houses for the first time after winter).
Bedbug and flea bites cause hard, intensely itchy papules with a bite mark (petechiae) in the center. They are most often noted on areas of the skin covered by clothing.
Skin manifestations may persist for several days, with symptoms developing only in sensitized patients.
A blister or extensive swelling may immediately appear at the site of the bite, which can easily be confused with erysipelas or another bacterial infection.
Papules usually appear in groups at the site of multiple bites, but rows of bites are also common.
Fleas cause papular urticaria, sometimes seen in children in the summer (strophulus). The patient is usually unaware of the causes of the rash, which makes diagnosis difficult.
For the reaction to develop, sensitization is necessary, which is why symptoms do not appear in all family members.
Treatment For bedbug and flea bites, it is usually sufficient to use an ointment or solution with a class II-III glucocorticosteroid 1-2 times a day. within 1–2 weeks.
Disinsection of bedbugs in residential buildings requires special knowledge of where they can hide and how to destroy them, and calling a special service.

Larvae

The hairs of the larvae of some butterflies (for example, the crimson cocoon moth) can cause toxic and allergic reactions.

Ticks

The Ixodes ricinus tick is a carrier of Lyme disease, tick-borne encephalitis, and rarely, tularemia.
Tick bites are painless and may go unnoticed.
In Russia, ticks are active from April to November, and their favorite habitat is lawns, grass, low bushes and grassy cover in wooded areas.
High boots and trousers are best for protection.
When entering tick habitat areas, you must inspect your skin and clothing every evening and remove them if found.
For Borrelia to be transmitted from a tick to a person, the tick must remain in the skin for at least several hours or even days; therefore, it needs to be found and removed as quickly as possible. The most common symptom of early Lyme disease is an expanding migratory annular erythema (EM), which appears within a week around the site of the tick bite.
Within a few days or weeks, the erythema usually reaches a size of 5–10 cm, sometimes much larger, and may subsequently disappear spontaneously.
Typically, a skin lesion of 5 cm in diameter observed within 5 days of a tick bite indicates ME. The faster, smaller reactions may be an inflammatory response to components of the mite's saliva.
Lyme disease is always diagnosed based on clinical signs. In the vast majority of cases, the infection is diagnosed at an early stage, and antibody testing is not practical.
For diagnosis at later stages, laboratory tests (antibodies to Borrelia in serum) are necessary.
Removing a tick Grab the tick with tweezers (small, sharp-tipped ones) as close to the skin as possible.
Try to remove the entire tick by simply slowly pulling it straight up. Don't try to remove it with oils or ointments. If the head of the tick remains in the skin, it can be removed with a needle after disinfecting the skin.

Spiders

In the Russian Federation there are karakurt, tarantula, etc.
Spiders usually bite a person only when accidentally pressed against the skin.
The most dangerous spider in Russia is the karakurt. If not treated promptly, its poison can be fatal. Serum injection is required. The venom of the South Russian tarantula is not life-threatening, but can lead to swelling, severe pain at the site of the bite, and an allergic reaction. The effect of a water spider (Argyroneta aquatica) bite is similar to that of a wasp.
Bites from huntsman's border and large cross spiders can be painful.
They are treated like hymenoptera bites.

Protection against insect bites

Clothing should cover as much of the body as possible, which is especially important for young children.
Light-colored clothing with long sleeves and long legs is preferred. Mosquitoes, for example, can bite through thin fabric.
It is recommended to wear a hat on your head; your ankles and feet can be protected with socks and shoes. The legs can be tucked into socks. Closed shoes are preferable to sandals.

Repellents

Active ingredients of repellents sold in Russia: diethyltoluamide (DEET), icaridin.
The repellent's effect usually lasts several hours, but intense sweating shortens this period.
The strength and period of action of repellents are interdependent, i.e. The stronger the repellent, the longer the duration of its action.
It is preferable that the concentration of the active substance in mosquito repellents be at least 20%.
Repellents containing DEET in concentrations above 35% can be recommended in the presence of a really large number of mosquitoes, if the repellent quickly evaporates from the skin, as well as for persons traveling to tick habitats.
50% solutions are effective against ticks, and 20% are effective against mosquitoes, midges and midges if used according to package instructions.
Repellents are not effective against deer beetles, wasps, bees and bumblebees.

Information provided from source

Quantity

Flea bites

You need to start getting rid of parasitic organisms by purchasing protective equipment for animals. Disinfectants will help reduce discomfort after a bite in a person. Dermatologists advise treating bite sites with disinfectant solutions or ointments purchased at a pharmacy or specialized medical institutions.

To prevent re-infection, take care of the sterility of your pet’s habitat and monitor its social circle during walks. First of all, prohibit contact with stray animals.

Prevention

No matter how careful and prudent we are, we often get bitten. But such situations can be minimized. Remember, bees, wasps, and hornets are only defending themselves, do not approach apiaries. If you accidentally come across a wild hive, do not make sudden movements, slowly move away from it. When going on a picnic, you should not use sweet floral scents. Dress accordingly in closed clothes, use sprays, ointments, lotions against insects. Protect children especially carefully; their young, fragile bodies will be the first to react very violently to bites.

Stock up on baby products, bracelets, stickers, pencils at the pharmacy. Do not forget about folk remedies (cloves, vanilla, essential oils). Be sure to take something antihistamine (loratadine, diazolin, claritin). Protect yourself by all means, do not let your holiday be ruined.

Conclusions from Tikhon: No one is immune from insect attacks, but this nuisance can be minimized. Don't neglect simple advice, especially if you have children. And remember the most important thing is timely medical care.

If you have encountered the problem of bites, share your experience in the comments below. Perhaps your experience will help someone avoid trouble. Happiness to you and your loved ones

Treatment of bee, wasp, hornet stings

If there is no allergic reaction, it is enough to remove the sting (if any), and treat the bite site with an antiseptic and apply cold. If an atypical reaction occurs or if you are bitten in the area of the face, larynx, tongue, or genitals, seek medical help immediately. If you ignore what happened, anaphylactic reactions of varying severity may occur, which can even lead to death.

Classification

Based on the method by which poisons/allergens enter the human body, insects can be divided into two groups:

stinging (wasps, hornets, bees, bumblebees, ants, etc.);
non-stinging (biting/blood-sucking) - cockroaches; locusts, mosquitoes, flies; grasshoppers, mayfly, beetles; fleas; moose lice, mosquitoes, mosquitoes, horse flies, midges, etc.

Insect bites are divided into:

by their type (bee, mosquito, wasp, gadfly, flea, hornet, and so on);
by type of reaction to them (toxic, allergic).

According to the severity of the lesion, they are distinguished:

Light flow. Characterized by the appearance of predominantly local signs. Develops against the background of the bite of one/several insects, the venom of which has a moderately toxic ability. As a rule, it does not require medical attention, with the exception of children under 3 years of age.
Moderate weight. Manifests itself with local/moderate systemic symptoms caused primarily by the neurotoxic effect of the toxicant ( urticaria , Quincke's edema without manifestations from the respiratory tract). Disturbances from the nervous system develop from the bites of several dozen stinging insects, and a hypersensitivity reaction occurs regardless of the number of stings/bites.
Severe course (severe toxic reactions, anaphylactic shock , angioedema with damage to the central nervous system and hemolysis of red blood cells). They usually develop against the background of multiple bites.

Treatment of scabies

A dermatologist will help you get rid of scabies after examining the patient and making a diagnosis. It is advisable to wash the patient’s clothes in hot water and keep the bedding sterile. At the doctor's discretion, the patient is prescribed antihistamines to relieve itching. The treatment method is aimed at destroying the pathogen through the use of acaricidal drugs. These are drugs aimed at combating ticks (acaricides are ticks: ancient Greek ἄκαρι - tick and lat. caedo - I kill).

Bed bugs

Bedbugs can be found in the bedding of hotels and inns. They can even live in your luggage or on your pet's belongings. They become most active at night.

On average, the lifespan of these bloodsucking creatures is about a year. They are easily confused with other small insects and can often be identified by small red blood stains on your bedding in the morning. After quenching their thirst, they become clumsy, move slowly, and therefore during sleep they are easy to crush with the weight of their body.

Ants

This is the case when an insect bit, and who exactly remains to be seen. Ants do not attack people, but they can crawl into things and onto the body while in nature. It is not difficult to crush a tiny insect, followed by a painful bite and an injection of acid.

Traces from insect bites - ants, differ from others by the presence of a white formation in the center. There is a red spot around. The size in diameter does not exceed 1 cm. Severe swelling after an insect bite appears only in case of individual intolerance to ant poison. The formation on the skin occurs gradually over 1 week; to accelerate the effect, pharmaceutical preparations and folk remedies are used.

Insect bites

Bedbug bites

Red bites on the arms or shoulders are bedbug marks. Under no circumstances should you scratch them (you can get infected). An effective antihistamine can be used as prescribed by a dermatologist.

In order to prevent re-infestation, you need to carefully treat contaminated bedding, decorative items, toys or other pieces of furniture. This can be done by dry cleaning, using heat treatment or special products. Be sure to ensure the cleanliness of things in the house, refuse to use other people's bedding and towels.

flies

Flies live everywhere and carry dangerous diseases such as pneumonia and intestinal infections. During epidemics, they are able to transport pathogens over long distances, increasing the focus of infection.

Fly bites are painful and cause redness. The bitten area should be immediately treated with an antiseptic solution, and you should also not consume the food and drinks on which representatives of the Diptera family landed. Flies, like midges, love to settle near garbage cans and the corpses of dead animals.

Mosquitoes

You should always protect yourself from mosquitoes, because they are carriers of malaria and other diseases. Mosquito repellents, protective clothing, window screens on gazebos and scented sticks are all suitable options. When using sprays or creams on the skin, be sure to do an allergy test. If it is present, it is better to select a remedy with your doctor.

As observations show, some people who are in the same place where mosquitoes accumulate are bitten with different strength and frequency. This may be explained by the fact that each insect perceives the smell of a person differently: for it it is more or less attractive. This is equivalent to susceptibility to bites: some have a strong reaction, others have a weaker reaction. And this depends on the toxicity of the saliva of the mosquito that struck.

List of sources

Stanek V.Ya. Illustrated encyclopedia of insects. Prague: Artria; 1977. .
Safina L.F., Fassakhov R.S., Reshetnikova I.D. Skin manifestations of allergic reactions to stings of hymenoptera insects // Practical Medicine. - 2011. - No. 3, - pp. 140-142.
Dremova V.P. Urban entomology. Harmful arthropods in the urban environment. — Publishing house “IzdatNaukaServis”. Ekaterinburg. - 2005, 278 p.
Lawlor G. – Jr., Fischer T., Adelman D Ch. Allergy to insect venoms. in the book Clinical immunology and allergology - M.: Praktika, 2000. pp. 346 – 356.
Zaikov S.V., Mikhey L.V., Kulik L.G., Allergy to non-stinging insects // News of medicine and pharmacy. - 2010. - No. 345. - p. 36-37.